CC-03 Next Blog Assignment - Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Write a poem about the ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES.

DEADLINE - June 14, Tuesday 12 pm.

Be as creative as possible. Content is still King and is the most important:

Content = 60 %
Originality, creativity, ATAI, presentation, organization = 40 %

CC 01 Lecture: SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

SPECTROPHOTOMETER

• Is a device that measures the concentration of an unknown solution by measuring the light absorbed and transmitted through a specific wavelength of light.

COMPONENTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

1. sample compartment
2. digital read-out
3. mode indicators
4. mode selection
5. decrease
6. increase
7. print
8. wavelength control
9. transmittance/absorbance control (100%T 0A)
10. power switch Zero control
11. light source

Watch the video on how to use the spectrophotometer:

Spectrophotometer Operation
Video credit:meowmo3/YouTube


Spectrophotometer Operation
Video credit: Wendytrees/YouTube


PRINCIPLE

A source of light provides a continuous beam which when passed through a cuvette (tube containing the unknown solution), the intensity of light absorbed is detected and this absorbed light is inversely related to the amount of transmitted light.
This relationship is called Beer-Lambert's law

• the Spectronic 20 D is spectrophotometer used in this laboratory provides a direct reading of absorbance, so the concentration is proportional to the dial reading. Absorbance depends on ration, and therefore has no units. Absorbance is sometimes called OD or optical density

Procedure

1. check that the instrument is turned on. The left-hand knob should be turned clockwise. Allow 10 minutes for warming up
2. set the wavelength to the desired value using the knob on top
3. with empty, closed sample compartment, turn the left-hand knob to obtain a reading of 0%T
4. wipe the cuvette with dry tissue to remove drops of solution or finger prints
5. line up the mark on the cuvette with the line on the sample compartment
6. insert cuvette filled with the solvent in the sample compartment
7. close the cover
8. turn the right-hand knob to obtain a reading of 100%T
9. to analyze your sample, insert sample cuvette and read the absorbance value on the scale. Use the mirror behind the needle to avoid parallax error.

INTRINSIC PRECAUTIONS

• preparing the cuvette
1. never use a brush to clean the inside of the cuvette
2. fill the cuvette about ¾ full of the solution you wish o test
3. wipe the outside of the cuvette with a lint-free, soft tissue to remove any moisture or fingerprints from the outside surface

• calibrate the spectrophotometer
1. plug in and turn on the Spec. 20. It must warm up for at least 10 minutes to avoid fluctuations.

Beer Lambert's Law

Beer Lambert’s Law
Video credit: brightstorm2/YouTube

Enter the LINK below for more information.
'Spectrophotometer Simulation! link';
From: http://www.chm.davidson.edu/java/spec/spec.html

Announcement: Incoming MT 3rd Years

Incoming MT 3rd Years:

Research on the definition of Clinical Chemistry and use an image to represent your definition.

Be ready to present it in class.

Classes will start June 13, 2010.

Classes for MT 4th years started last May 9, 2011.

FYI

Image Credit: Windows

Announcement: MT 4th Years, 2011-2012

Kindly check if you are already included in the blog list. If not, inform me. Follow also all the other blogs in the list. Just click on the links to visit the blog, and then click on the "Follow" button. FYI.

Criteria for BLOG CONTEST


Three (3) Best Blogs – based on:

•Popularity (online votes ) ( 40 %)

•Votes of Panel of Judges ( 5 reliable online bloggers who are in the medical field) (60%)

•Criteria for Panel of Judges

•Content = 50 % Originality = 10 %

•Presentation = 10 %

•ATAI (Ability to Arouse Interest) = 10 %

•Use of Audiovisual aids = 10 %

•Creativity = 10 %

Kindly visit the blogs first before you vote! Links are found at the side bar. T.Y.

TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS

TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 FINAL EXAMS - MARCH 2011

TOPIC	PERCENT (%)	ITEMS
LIVER FUNCTION TEST	15	23
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS	30	45
AUTOMATION	15	22
ELECTROLYTES	15	22
ENZYMOLOGY	25	38
TOTAL	100	150

TRANSCRIPTION = 10 POINTS FOR A GRAND TOTAL OF 160.

Please Bring:

Calculator (no borrowing of calculators)

Blue book ( 2 pcs.)

1 sheet of yellow paper

Permit

Type of test

1. Identification (10 pts)

2. Matching type (10 pts.)

3. Multiple choice (100 pts.)

4. Problem solving (25 pts)

5. Essay (5 pts)

Transcription (10 pts.)

ENZYMES - OUTLINE OF ORGAN CLASSIFICATION

Cardiac Enzymes;

CK

AST

LDH

Hepatic Enzymes

CHS

LDH

AST

ALT

GGT

5’NT

OCT

ALP

LAP

Prostatic Enzyme

ACP

Pancreatic Enzymes

AMS

LPS

TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2

TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMS

TOPIC	PERCENT (%)	ITEMS
LIVER FUNCTION TEST	40	48
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS	60	72
TOTAL	100 %	120

Bring:

Calculator (no borrowing of calculators

Blue book

1 sheet of yellow paper

Permits

Type of test

1. Identification (70 pts)

2. Matching type (10 pts.)

3. Multiple choice (10 pts.)

4. Problem solving (20 pts)

5. Essay (10 pts)

TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS- FINAL EXAMS CC 1

TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS- FINAL EXAMS CC 1- CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1

COVERAGE- FROM THE BEGINNING

LECTURE TOPICS:

INTRO TO CHEMISTRY - 5%
LABORATORY MATH - 20%
SPECIMEN COLLECTION - 15%
QUALITY ASSURANCE - 20%
INSTRUMENTATION - 7%
CARBOHYDRATES- 8%
LIPIDS - 10%
PROTEINS-5%
RFT -10%
TRANSCRIPTION - 15 PTS.

LABORATORY TOPICS

ALL EXPERIMENTS

PLEASE BRING;

1. GREEN MARKER
2. CALCULATOR ( NO BORROWING)
3. 2 PCS GRAPHING PAPER
4. RULER
5. PENCIL AND ERASER
6. PERMIT
7. 1 BLUEBOOK
8. ASSIGNMENTS AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS

+15 points for those with outline of all substances making use of CC man.
For review materials you can visit Clin Chem Reviewer.

COME IN COMPLETE UNIFORM.

All About Diabetes Mellitus

Fictitious beliefs and half-truths should be categorized for DM (diabetes mellitus), because the condition precipitates several serious illnesses that could cause death. People should become aware of these myths and classify them from the facts.

Here are some common myths about diabetes mellitus that the public should know about:


1. All diabetic patients are obese and over weight.

Not all persons with diabetes are fat. Persons with type I diabetes mellitus are usually thin, while type II DM (Diabetes Mellitus) persons are usually obese. The weight and size of a person does not indicate whether he/she has DM or not. Only a blood test could determine whether a person is diabetic or not. An FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar), RBS (Random Blood Sugar) or 2-HPPT (Two Hour Post Prandial Test) should be performed in the clinical laboratory to determine this.

2. Diabetes is curable.

Diabetes is a lifetime condition. Once you have it, it will stay. Diabetes can only be properly managed and controlled. This is because uncontrolled DM can cause irreparable damage to all of your organs, your eyes (retinopathy), your kidneys (nephropathy), and the central nervous system (neuropathy). , so when your blood glucose levels go back to normal, do not assume that you are "cured" already, and start going back to your eating binges.

Your observance of proper diet and exercise should be a lifetime process. Although the DM genes may skip a generation or two, it will always appear down line in your family's lineage.

Scientists are now trying to find a way to alter the genetic composition of a DM person so that the genes would not be passed on from one generation to another. If this happens in your lifetime, then you are lucky!

3. Diabetes is only caused by the lack or absence of insulin.

This is not always the case. Although people know that DM is the insufficiency and lack of insulin and is not acquired from eating too much sugar, people should also be aware that one of the symptoms of DM, which is hyperglycemia (elevation of blood sugar), could be the result of the increase secretion of the hormones glucagon in the alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans and adrenaline in the adrenal medulla. These secretions can be triggered by caffeine, stress, and emergency situations.

4. Minor wounds would not pose a potential danger for a diabetic person.

A sad fact is that even a small pedicure or manicure wound could cause a gangrenous feet to be amputated. Any wound no matter how small it is should never be taken for granted. Diabetic patients usually have wounds that have difficulty healing, so they are more prone to infection.

Infection often comes from pathogenic microorganisms like Clostridium perfringens which causes gangrene (necrotization or death of body tissue.) When the tissues or cells die in one part, then it has to be amputated or this will infect all of the parts of the body and would cause inevitable death. If the gangrenous part is amputated, then the rest of the body would be spared.

5. Only sugar and sugar containing foods should be minimized in a diabetic patient's diet.

This is a half-truth. People should be aware that the most predominant carbohydrate in the bloodstream is glucose. Glucose is a simple sugar generally called a monosaccharide. Glucose comes, not only from sugar, but from a variety of bland foodstuffs like bread, rice (yes, rice!) pasta (even plain pasta), potatoes and many unsweetened foods. This is because glucose is the end product of the metabolism of any carbohydrate in which rice and the rest are included.

Excessive fat intake also could exacerbate the condition. The dietary fat could be stored as triglyceride and would add to the obesity of the person. It should be remembered that losing weight is one good management control for DM patients. So when the doctor tells you to limit your rice and fat intake, do so!

6. All sweet fruits should be avoided as they contain high levels of sugar.

Not all fruits have high sugar levels. Apple, grapefruit, strawberries, papayas, watermelons are examples of fruits good for diabetic persons. These however should be taken in fresh and not in the form of juices or shakes as these preparations have high artificial sugar content. It should be noted that there is also high fiber content with these fruits and are therefore healthy for the body.

Old myths may be proven false eventually but new myths are generated in return. People should have wisdom in distinguishing the two through proper information and education. Do not believe everything you hear through the grapevine. Take time to read good reference materials and be informed!

20 Precautions in Venipuncture Procedure

20 Precautions in Venipuncture Procedure

1. Use only dry and sterile materials.
2. Follow the direction of the vein.
3. The bevel of the needle should be facing upwards.
4. Push and pull the plunger to ensure that the syringe and needle are not clogged.
5. Anchor the needle securely to the syringe.
6. Puncture the vein in a smooth and deliberate manner.
7. Select a vein that is not too big nor too small.
8. Do not leave the tourniquet for more than 2 minutes.
9. Sterilize in a circular manner.
10. Remove the tourniquet first before the needle.
11. Apply pressure to the wound to prevent bleeding.
12. Transfer the blood specimen immediately to specified containers.
13. Label your specimen container right after collection.
14. Discard materials is proper containers.
15. Check the patient's wound after 3-10 minutes.
16. Handle the blood gently to avoid hemolysis which can interfere with your tests.
17. Use proper needle gauge.
18. Do not press the cotton balls while the needle is still in the vein.
19. If you are collecting plasma, be sure to mix immediately the blood with the anticoagulant.
20. Separate the serum or plasma immediately and properly observing the time and rpm of specimen collection.

Clinical Chemistry 3 -Table of Specifications

FINAL EXAMS

CC3 Table of Specifications

Endocrinology - 30%
Toxicology - 35%
Drug Testing -35%

Types of Test

Identification
Multiple Choice
Essay
Transcription
Case Analysis
Problem Solving

Materials Needed

2 bluebooks
calculators (bring your own, borrowing is not allowed)
permits
black ball pens


LABORATORY

ALL EXPTS.